Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals Date of Lecture: 22.02.2021
Topic of Lecture: Introduction to Networks
Introduction :
A Network: A group of devices that can communicate with each other over links.
Each device is called a host.
Each host has a unique address.
Network is a connection between two or more devices.
Which is connected by a communication links.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
Computer
Telecommunication
Data
Information
Internet
Detailed content of the Lecture:
Network is a connection between two or more devices.Which is connected by a communication links.
A node can be computer, printer or any other devices which is capable of sending and receiving
information at each other.
Example:
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An internet: A network of networks or connection between two or more Networks is also known as
internet. each host has an address of the form n/h where n is the network number and h is the number of
the host on network n.
Uses of Networks :
It is Used for
Business Application
Home Application
Mobile Users
E-Mail
Point - to - Point Connection : It Provides a dedicated links between two devices.
For example, a wired system that connects two computers together can be thought of a point-to-point link.
Multi - Point Connection : It is a link between two or more devices. It is also known as Multi-Point
configuration. The networks having multipoint configuration are called Broadcast Networks.
1) Client - Which gives the Request.
2) Server - Which gives the Response.
3) Modems - It Indicates Modulator / Demodulator.
4) Router - Which identifies the Path between Client & Server.
5) Channels - Which overcomes the Traffic problems.
Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):
https://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/netsandinets
Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:
Book: Data Communication and Networking - Forouzan, Fifth Edition, TMH 2012(PageNo : 4 - 7)
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Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals
Date of Lecture: 23.02.2021
Topic of Lecture: Categories ofNetworks
Introduction :
Networksaredividedintotwomaincategories:
Localareanetworks(LANs)andWideareanetworks(WANs).
Thesetwotypesofnetworkshavedifferentcharacteristicsanddifferentfunctionalities.
TheInternetisacollectionofLANsandWANsheldtogetherbyinternetworkingdevices.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
Client
Server
Telecommunication
Data
Information
Detailed content of the Lecture:
CategoriesofNetworks:
Networks are generally referring to two primary categories: local-area networks and wide e-
areanetworks. A LAN normally covers an area less than 2 Meters.AWANcanbe worldwide.
Networks of a size in between are normally referred to as metropolitan area networks andspantens
ofmiles.
a.LocalAreaNetwork:
Alocalareanetwork(LAN)isusuallyprivatelyownedandlinksthedevicesinasingle office, building, or
campus.
Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of technology used, a LAN can be as simple as two
PCs and a printer in someone's home office; or it can extend throughout a company and include audio and
video peripherals.
Currently,LANsizeislimitedtoafewkilometers.
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b.WideAreaNetwork
A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission of data, image, audio andvideo
information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent or eventhe whole
world.
A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect the Internet or assimple as a dial-up line that
connects a home computer to the Internet.
We normally refer to thefirstas aswitched WANandto thesecond asa point-to-pointWAN
c.MetropolitanAreaNetworks:
Ametropolitanareanetwork(MAN)isanetworkwithasizebetweenaLANanda WAN. It normally covers
the area inside a town or a city.
It is designed for customers who needa high-speed connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have
endpoints spread over a city or partof city.
Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/computer_network_types.htm
Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:
Book: Data Communication and Networking - Forouzan, Fifth Edition, TMH 2012(PageNo : 30 -33)
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Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals
Date of Lecture: 24.02.2021
Topic of Lecture: CommunicationModel
Introduction :
Networksaredividedintotwomaincategories:
Localareanetworks(LANs)andWideareanetworks(WANs).
Thesetwotypesofnetworkshavedifferentcharacteristicsanddifferentfunctionalities.
TheInternetisacollectionofLANsandWANsheldtogetherbyinternetworkingdevices
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
Computer
Telecommunication
Data
Information
Internet
Detailed content of the Lecture:
Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form
oftransmissionmedium such as a wirecable.
Characteristics:
The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamentalcharacteristics:
Delivery:
The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received by
theintendeddevice or userand only bythatdevice or user.
Accuracy:
Thesystemmustdeliverdataaccurately.
Timeliness:
The system must deliver data in a timely manner. In the case of video and audio, timelydelivery
means delivering the data as they are produced. In the same order, that they
areproduced,andwithoutsignificantdelay.Thiskindofdeliveryiscalledreal-timetransmission.
Jitter:
Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in thedeliveryof audio
or video packet.
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Components:
Adatacommunicationsystemhasfivecomponents.
a. Message:
The message is the information to be communicated. Popular forms of informationincludetext,numbers,
picturesaudioand video.
b. Sender:
The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a computer, workstation,telephonehandset,
videocamera, andso on.
c. Receiver:
The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer, workstation,telephonehandset,
television and soon.
d. Transmissionmedium:
The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender
toreceiver.Ex.Twistedpairwire,coaxial cable,fiberopticcableandradiowaves.
e. Protocol:
A protocol is the set of rules that governs data communications. It represents anagreementbetween
thecommunicating devices.
Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/index.htm
Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:
Book: Data Communication and Networking -Forouzan, Fifth Edition, TMH 2012(PageNo : 2 - 4)
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Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals
Date of Lecture: 25.02.2021
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Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals
Date of Lecture: 26.02.2021
Topic of Lecture: ProtocolArchitecture
Introduction :
It is a layered structure of H/W and S/W that supports exchange ofdata b/w systems
It supports distributed applications(E-Mail, File Transfer)
Each layer of protocol architecture provides some set of rules
it is model for understanding and designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust and
interoperable.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
Data Transmission
Transmission Mode
Internet
Transmission Media
Detailed content of the Lecture:
There are 2 widely used protocol architecture
TCP/IP Architecture
OSI Model
Protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication
It represents what is communicated, when it is communicated and how it is communicated.
There are 3 key elements
Syntax
Semantics
Timing
Syntax : It represents structure, Format of data the order in which it is presented
Data may contain:
First 8 bit -> Sender Address
Second 8 bit -> Receiver Address
Remaining bits-> message stream
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Semantics : It refers the meaning of each section of bit
Timing : It refers when data sent and how fast it is sent (Says Characteristics)
Ex:100Mbps
Protocol Standards :
It provides model for the development of product regardless of individual manufacturer
It falls in 2 categories
De Facto standard
Not officially adopted but used widespread
It has 2 categories
Proprietary->Wholly owned by company
Non-Proprietary->Group or communiy developed for public
De Jure Standard
A Standard Legislated by an officially recognized body
Standard Organizations:
International Standard Organization
ANSI
IEEE
Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):
https://webstor.srmist.edu.in/web_assets/srm_mainsite/files/files/Protocols%20and%20Architecture.pdf
Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:
Book: Data Communication and Networking -Forouzan, Fifth Edition, TMH 2012(PageNo : 7 - 9)
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MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
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(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)
Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu
Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals
Date of Lecture: 01.03.2021
Topicof Lecture:OSIModel
Introduction:
Computer networks are created by different entities. Standards are needed so that theseheterogeneous
networks can communicate with one another. The two best-known standards aretheOSI model and the
Internet model.
TheOSI(OpenSystemsInterconnection)modeldefinesaseven-layernetwork.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
Computer
NetworkModels
NetworkCommunication
Topology
Internet
Detailedcontent oftheLecture:
LayersintheOSIModel:
PhysicalLayer
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream over a physicalmedium.
It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface andtransmissionmedium.
L 06
DataLinkLayer
Thedatalinklayertransformsthephysicallayer,arawtransmissionfacility,toareliable link.
Thedatalinklayerisresponsibleformovingframesfromonehop(node)tothenext.
NetworkLayer:
The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet,possiblyacross
multiplenetworks (links).
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the sourcehostto
thedestinationhost.
Transportlayer:
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire message.
Aprocessisanapplicationprogramrunningonahost.
Thetransportlayerensuresthatthewhole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error
control and flow control at the source to-destinationlevel.
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process toanother.
SessionLayer:
The session layer is the network dialog controller. It establishes, maintains, andsynchronizesthe
interaction amongcommunicating systems.
Thesessionlayerisresponsiblefordialogcontrolandsynchronization.
PresentationLayer:
The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
informationexchangedbetween twosystems.
Thepresentationlayerisresponsiblefortranslation,compression,andencryption.
ApplicationLayer:
Theapplicationlayerenablestheuser,whetherhumanorsoftware,toaccessthenetwork.
It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail, remote file access
andtransfer,shareddatabasemanagement,and othertypesofdistributedinformation services.
Theapplicationlayerisresponsibleforprovidingservicestotheuser.
VideoContent/Detailsofwebsiteforfurtherlearning(ifany):
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/ physical_layer_introduction.htm
ImportantBooks/Journalsforfurtherlearningincludingthepagenos.:
Book: Data Communication and Networking -Forouzan, Fifth Edition, TMH 2012(PageNo : 43 - 55)
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MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)
Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu
Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals
Date of Lecture: 02.03.2021
Topicof Lecture:TCP/IP
Introduction:
The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI model. Therefore, the layers
intheTCP/IPprotocol suitedo not exactlymatchthose intheOSI model.
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network,internet,transport, and application.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
Computer
NetworkModels
NetworkCommunication
Topology
OSI Model
Detailedcontent oftheLecture:
TCP/IPPROTOCOL
L 07
The TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network,
transport,andapplication.Thefirstfourlayersprovidephysicalstandards,networkinterfaces,
Inter-networking, and transport functions that correspond to the first four layers of the OSI
model.The three topmost layers in the OSI model, however, are represented in TCP/IP by a single
layercalledthe applicationlayer
PhysicalandDataLinkLayers:
Atthephysicalanddatalinklayers,TCP/IPdoesnotdefineany specificprotocol.
It supports all the standard and proprietary protocols. A network in a TCP/IP internetwork
can be alocal-areanetwork or awide-area network.
NetworkLayer:
At the network layer (or, more accurately, the internetwork layer), TCP/IP supports
theInternetworking Protocol. IP, in turn, uses four supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP,
andIGMP.
TransportLayer:
TraditionallythetransportlayerwasrepresentedinTCP/IPbytwoprotocols:
TCPand UDP. IP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it can deliver a packet from one
physical deviceto another. UDP and TCP are transport level protocols responsible for
delivery of a messagefrom a process (running program) to another process. A new transport
layer protocol, SCTP, hasbeendevised to meet the needs of somenewer applications.
a. UserDatagramProtocol
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the simpler of the two standard TCP/IP transportprotocols. It
is a process-to-process protocol that adds only port addresses, checksum
errorcontrol,andlengthinformation to thedatafromthe upper layer.
b. TransmissionControlProtocol
TheTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)providesfulltransport-layerservicesto applications.
TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol. The term stream, in this context, meansconnection-
oriented: A connection must be established between both ends of a
transmissionbeforeeithercantransmit data.
c. StreamControlTransmissionProtocol
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) provides support for newer applicationssuch
as voice over the Internet. It is a transport layer protocol that combines the best features
ofUDPand TCP.
VideoContent/Detailsofwebsiteforfurtherlearning(ifany):
https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-network-tcp-ip-model
ImportantBooks/Journalsforfurtherlearningincludingthepagenos.:
Book: Data Communication and Networking -Forouzan, Fifth Edition, TMH
2012(PageNo : 56 - 57)
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Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals
Date of Lecture: 03.03.2021
Topic of Lecture: LANTopology
Introduction :
Protocols refer to the rules; a standard is a protocol that has been adopted by vendors
andmanufacturers. Network models serve to organize, unify, and control the hardware and
softwarecomponentsof datacommunicationsand networking.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
Computer
Telecommunication
DataCommunication
Message
Internet
Internet
Detailed content of the Lecture:
PhysicalTopology:
The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. Two
ormore devices connect to a link; two or more links form a topology. The topology of a
network isthe geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices
(usuallycallednodes) to one another.
Therearefourbasictopologiespossible:mesh,star,bus, andring
Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every
otherdevice.Afullyconnected meshnetworkwithn nodeshasn(n-1)/2physicalchannels.
To accommodate that many links, every device on the network must have n – 1
input/output(I/O)ports tobe connectedto theothern – 1stations.
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Star Topology:
In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to acentral controller,
usually called a hub.
The devices are not directly linked to one another. Unlikea mesh topology, A star topology
does not allow direct traffic between devices. The controlleracts as an exchange: If one
device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to thecontroller,which thenrelays the
datato the otherconnected device.
BusTopology:
Abustopologyismultipoint.Onelongcableactsasabackbonetolinkall the devices in a network
(see Figure 1.7). Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines andtaps.
RingTopology:
Inaringtopology,eachdevicehasadedicatedpoint-to-pointconnectionwith only the two devices
on either side of it. A signal is passed along the ring in one direction,from device to device,
until it reaches its destination. Each device in the ring incorporates arepeater.
Hybrid Topology: A network can be hybrid. For example, we can have a main star
topologywitheach branch connecting severalstationsinabus topology
Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/computer_network_
topologies.htm
Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:
Book: Data Communication and Networking -Forouzan, Fifth Edition, TMH 2012(PageNo : 22 - 28)
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Course Name with Code : Data Communication And Networks / 19CAB09
Course Faculty : Mr. S.Nithyananth
Unit : I - Network Fundamentals
Date of Lecture: 04.03.2021
Topic of Lecture: Transmission Media
Introduction :
Transmission media are actually located below the physical layer and are directly controlledbythe
physical layer.
A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that can carry informationfromasource to
a destination.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
Computer
NetworkModels
NetworkCommunication
Physical Medium
Detailed content of the Lecture:
Transmissionmedia:
• Intelecommunications,transmissionmediacanbedividedintotwobroadcategories:
• guided and unguided. Guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and
fiber-opticcable.Unguided mediumis free space.
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Guidedmedia:
• Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another, include
twisted-paircable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
• A signal traveling along any of these media is directed andcontained by the physical limits of
the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic (copper)conductors that accept and
transport signals in the form of electric current. Optical fiber is a cable
thatacceptsandtransports signals intheform of light.
Twisted-PairCable
• A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic
insulation,twistedtogether.
• One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used only as a
groundreference.
Unguidedmedia:
Unguided signals can travel from the source to destination in several ways: groundpropagation,sky
propagation, andline-of-sight propagation
RadioWaves:
Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz are normally called
radiowaves; waves ranging in frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are called microwaves. Radio
waves, forthemostpart,areomnidirectional.Whenanantennatransmitsradiowaves,theyarepropagatedinall
directions.
Microwaves
Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between I and 300 GHz are called Microwaves.Microwaves
are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits microwave waves, they can be narrowlyfocused.
Infrared:
Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz (wavelengths from 1 mm to 770 nm), canbe
used for short-range communication. Infrared waves, having high frequencies, cannot penetratewalls.
Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):
https://www.javatpoint.com/transmission-media
https://www.javatpoint.com/unguided-transmission-media
Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:
Book: Data Communication and Networking -Forouzan, Fifth Edition, TMH 2012(PageNo : 188-206
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